Reading: Poem

   Read the poem
   Sixty seconds make a minute,
    Something sure you can learn in it;
    Sixty minutes make an hour,
    Work with all your might and power;
    Twenty-four hours make a day,
    Time enough for work and play.
    Seven days a week will make;
    You will learn, if pains you take.

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES

Two classes of verb-forms illustrate in a striking way the fact that the same word may belong to different parts of speech; for they really belong to two different parts of speech at one and the same
time. These are the infinitive (which is both verb and noun) and the +participle+ (which is both verb and adjective).

Examples of the infinitive may be seen in the following sentences:

  To struggle was useless.

  To escape is impossible.

  To exercise regularly preserves the health.
To struggle is clearly a noun, for (1) it is the subject of the sentence, and (2) the noun effort or exertion might be put in the place of to struggle. Similarly, the noun escape might be
substituted for to escape; and, in the third sentence, regular exercise (a noun modified by an adjective) might be substituted for to exercise regularly.

But these three forms (to struggle,to escape, and to exercise) are also verbs, for they express action, and one of them (to exercise) is modified by an adverb (regularly). Such forms,
therefore, are noun-forms of the verb. They are classed with verbs, and are called infinitives.

The infinitive is a verb-form which partakes of the nature of a noun. It is commonly preceded by the preposition to, which is called the sign of the infinitive.

The infinitive without to is used in a great variety of verb-phrases.

  I shall go.

  John will win.

  Mary may recite.

  Jack can swim.

 The following sentence contains two participles:

  Shattered and slowly sinking, the frigate drifted out to sea.

Vegetarian dish: BLACK BEAN SOUP

Key Words(Translate these words before reading):

1. tureen
2. sieve
3. lemon
4. boil
5. drain
6. substitute
7. stir
8. improve
9. gentle
10. drop
11. through

Soak 2 cups of beans for twelve hours or more, and then drain them and put into 8 cups of cold water; add 3 whole cloves, 3 whole allspice, and 3 whole peppers, salt well and boil gently for two hours, rub through sieve, and reheat. Mix 1 tablespoon of thickening flour, and 1 tablespoon of butter and water, and stir into the soup at boiling point; season afresh and pour into a tureen in which are placed, neatly sliced, 1 hard-boiled egg and half a dozen seeded slices of lemon. This soup is improved by adding 1 wineglass of sherry, or one may substitute for it a few drops of Tomato Chutney or Worcestershire sauce.

One Word-Different Parts of Speech

  NOUN.       The calm lasted for three days.
  ADJECTIVE.  Calm words show quiet minds.
  VERB.       Calm your angry friend.

  Other examples are: iron, stone, paper, sugar, salt, bark, quiet,   black, light, head, wet, round, square, winter, spring.

  NOUN.          Wrong seldom prospers.
  ADJECTIVE.     You have taken the wrong road.
  ADVERB.        Edward often spells words wrong.
  VERB.          You wrong me by your suspicions.

  NOUN.          The outside of the castle is gloomy.
  ADJECTIVE.     We have an outside stateroom.
  ADVERB.        The messenger is waiting outside.
  PREPOSITION.   I shall ride outside the coach.

  ADJECTIVE.     That boat is a sloop.
  PRONOUN.       That is my uncle.
  CONJUNCTION.   You said that you would help me.

  ADJECTIVE.     Neither road leads to Utica.
  PRONOUN.       Neither of us arrived in time.
  CONJUNCTION.   Neither Tom nor I was late.

  PREPOSITION.   I am waiting for the train.
  CONJUNCTION.   You have plenty of time, for the train is late.

  INTERJECTION.  Hurrah! the battle is won.
  NOUN.          I heard a loud hurrah.
  VERB.          The enemy flees. Our men hurrah.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

  ADJECTIVES                        ADVERBS

  That is a fast boat.            The snow is melting fast.
  Draw a straight line.           The arrow flew straight.
  Early comers get good seats.    Tom awoke early.

 Some adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjectives.

  You have guessed right.

  How fast the tide ebbs!

  The horse was sold cheap.

  Tired men sleep sound.

  Other examples are:--wrong, straight, early, late, quick, hard, far,  near, slow, high, low, loud, ill, well, deep, close, just, very, much, little.

Under this head come certain adverbs of degree used to modify adjectives.

  His eyes were dark blue. [Compare: very blue.]

  That silk is light yellow. [Compare: rather yellow.]

  These flowers are deep purple. [Compare: intensely purple.]

  The water was icy cold. [Compare: extremely cold.]

  That dark, light, etc., are adverbs in this use appears from the fact that they answer the question “How?” Thus,--“His eyes were blue.” “How blue?” “Dark blue.”

 

NOUNS AND VERBS

  NOUNS                                     VERBS

  Hear the wash of the tide.    Wash those windows.
  Give me a stamp.                 Stamp this envelope.
  It is the call of the sea.         You call me chief.

  Other examples are: act, address, ally, answer, boast, care, cause,   close, defeat, doubt, drop, heap, hope, mark, offer, pile, place,   rest, rule, sail, shape, sleep, spur, test, watch, wound.

THE SENTENCE

1.A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought.
  Fire burns.

  Wolves howl.

  Rain is falling.

  Charles is courageous.

  Patient effort removes mountains.

  London is the largest city in the world.

 
Some of these sentences are short, expressing a very simple thought; others are comparatively long, because the thought is more complicated and therefore requires more words for its expression. But every one of them, whether short or long, is complete in itself. It comes to a definite end, and is followed by a full pause.

2. Every sentence, whether short or long, consists of two parts,--a subject and a predicate.
The subject of a sentence designates the person, place, or thing that is spoken of; the predicate is that which is said of the subject.

Either the subject or the predicate may consist of a single word or of a number of words. But neither the subject by itself nor the predicate by itself, however extended, is a sentence. The mere mention of a thing (fire) does not express a complete thought. Neither does a mere assertion (burns), if we neglect to mention the person or thing about which the assertion is made. Thus it appears that both a subject and a predicate are necessary to make a sentence.

3.Sentences may be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

1. A declarative sentence declares or asserts something as a fact.
  Dickens wrote “David Copperfield.”

  The army approached the city.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.

  Who is that officer?

  Does Arthur Moore live here?

3. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.
  Open the window.

  Pronounce the vowels more distinctly.

4. An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise, grief, or some other emotion in the form of an exclamation or cry.

  How calm the sea is!

  What a noise the engine makes!

A declarative, an interrogative, or an imperative sentence is also exclamatory, if it is uttered in an intense or excited tone of voice.
4. In imperative sentences, the subject (you) is almost always omitted, because it is understood by both speaker and hearer without being expressed.  Such omitted words, which are present (in idea) to the minds of   both speaker and hearer, are said to be “understood.” Thus, in “Open   the window,” the subject is “you (understood).” If expressed, the   subject would be emphatic: as,--“You open the window.”
5. The subject of a sentence commonly precedes the predicate, but sometimes the predicate precedes.
  Here comes Tom.

  Next came Edward.

  Over went the carriage.

A sentence in which the predicate precedes the subject is said to be in the inverted order. This order is especially common in interrogative sentences.
  Where is your boat?

  When was your last birthday?